Show Recommended textbook solutions American Government1st EditionGlen Krutz 412 solutions Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition16th EditionGeorge C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry 269 solutions
American Corrections11th EditionMichael D. Reisig, Todd R. Clear 160 solutions Criminal Justice in America9th EditionChristina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole 105 solutions
Terms in this set (43)Railroads Dominant economic interest in Washington D.C. during the post-Civil War Era Union Pacific Railroad Pressure was exerted by Oakes Ames for the construction of this He also installed his brother Oliver Ames as president of this railroad in 1866 After the scam, Ames was censured & this railroad went bankrupt Credit Mibilier Front company that was a part of a financial scam to funnel money back to the railroads through their construction tracts Interest Groups "Pressure group/organized interest" Organization of people with shared goals that tried to influence public policy through a variety of activities & are attempting to protect/advance their own interests Most natural/influential form of public input into government Examples: Writing to elected representatives to voice their opinion, joining an interest group, senior citizens securing cost-of-living (increase monthly SS check/AARP) Jack Abromoff He lobbied on the behalf of Native American tribes in their efforts to promote Indian-run casinos He was also hired to represent the Native Americans to further promote casino developments. By doing so, he helped defeat federal legislation who would have placed a federal tax on these casinos He spent millions of dollars to illegally influence politicians by offering free meals, free skyboxes, & free vacations He was eventually prosecuted by the government for fraud & pleaded guilty 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Permitted casinos on tribal lands Tom Delay House Majority Leader that played a role in Abromoff's scams & was later shut down Alex de Tocqueville Wrote the book "Democracy in America" Frenchman who toured the US in the early 1830s & was surprised about the way Americans were prone to organize in groups & use their associations for political process Pluralism Theory that public policy largely results from a variety of interest groups competing w/ one another to promote laws that benefit members of their respective groups "the majority rarely rules"
Majoritarianism Theory that public policy is a product of what majorities of citizens prefer Focuses on public opinion, voting results, & mass representation to describe how democracy in America actually works Robert Dahl Architect of pluralist ideas Suggested in "A Preface to Democratic Theory" that the American people are represented in government primarily through interest group activity According to Dahl, the US political system offers a number of "access points" for any given group to provide input, such as Congress, executive branch offices, the courts, elections & the news media David B. Truman Advanced the notion that group activity & mobilization are natural consequences of shared concerns Pros of Interest Groups 1. Interest groups provide all groups in society w/ an opportunity to win support for their ideas/positions. The vast number of interest groups represents a wide array of political opinions, economic perspectives & social class differences. Cons of Interest Groups 1. Use of interest groups to make public policy is unfair because groups supported by the wealthy have far greater resources to promote their interests in the political
system Interest Groups vs Political Parties 1. Parties mainly focus on elections by endorsing candidates & working for their election office. Interest groups find other access points to accomplish their goals such as the courts, committee system & executive agencies. 2. Groups tend to focus narrowly on special issues or sets of issues. Major parties are all-encompassing & are guided by broader ideological ties approaching to governing. Parties = generalists; interest groups = focused. Social Movements Example: Civil rights, consumer safety, women's rights, & environmental movements Large informal groupings of individuals were often spawned directly from particular interest groups. Movements can be political, economic, & social. Sons of Liberty Gathered members, collected donations & organized protests to achieve the goal of American freedom from British taxation. Successful in their aims because they tied their actions to the economic interests of their members. American Federation of Labor (AFL) First broad-based national labor union led by Samuel Gompers Established to advocate the rights of craft unions & ensure the terms of union contracts Principal advocate for establishing a cabinet department, the US Department of Labor 1950s merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to create the AFL-CIO National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) 1885 for the purpose of advancing the interests of the manufacturing businesses Opponent of AFL Goals: higher wages, better working conditions, increased benefits, job security Growth of Interest Groups Most significant factor leading to an increase in the number of interest groups has been the overall growth in government 1. Heightened concern about social & political issues fostered a significant amount of new interest group activity 2. Escalating cost of financing political campaigns has increases interest-group activity Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 Placed limits on individual & corporate contributions to political campaigns Political Action Committees (PACs) Raise money from individuals & provide a source of funding for candidates/political parties Engage in "soft money" spending on advertising independent of candidates & parties Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission Ruled that corporations may make contributions to PACs, which has facilitated the "super PACs" 3 Set of Actors To Produce Public Policy 1. Congressional
committees & subcommittees assigned to a specific area Iron Triangle A three-sided network of policy-making that includes congressional committees in a specific policy area, executive agencies w/ authority over that area, & private interest groups focused on influencing that area. Example: Pratt & Whitney Issue Networks Broader array of actors beyond legislators, bureaucrats & lobbyists who try to influence a particular policy area such as congressional staff people, journalists & other members of media Reasons why people might join interest groups 1. Material Benefits Material Benefits Example: Salary increases, health insurance, magazine subscriptions, free products Purposive Benefits Rewards that do not directly benefit the individual member but benefit society more generally Solidary Benefits Satisfaction that individuals receive from interacting with like-minded individuals for a cause What Makes Some Groups More Powerful Than Others 1. Size of membership (Larger = better/more influence)
Economic Interest Groups Groups that exists to promote favorable economic conditions & economic opportunities for their members Largest/most powerful groups, best organizes, most influential Business Groups -- Trade Association Focuses on 1 particular industry & members of the association are drawn exclusively from that industry Looks out for the specific interests of a classification of businesses Example: American Society of Travel Agents Free Riders Those individuals who do not join or contribute to an interest group that is representing their interests Enjoy benefits of membership without cost Labor Unions Promote interests of American workers Open Shop Employees in a state must maintain the option of whether or not to join a certified union If do not join the union, will not have to "pay the price" Closed Shop Taft Harley Act banned this Requires union membership as a condition of employment in a unionized workplace
Union Shops Require that employees in unionized workplaces either join the union or pay the equivalent of union dues to it after a set period of time Noneconomic Interest Group Public interest groups, issue or ideological groups, & government groups Public Interest Groups Promote the broad, collective good of citizens & consumers Seek to promote political reforms that enhance the role of the public in the political process Example: League of Women Voters, Common Cause Ralph Nader made General motors publicly admit to the US Senate that the company ignored automobile safety problems Issue & Ideological Groups Example: Abortion, women's rights, environment, American Civil Liberties Union (civil rights) Christian Coalition of America (pro-life positions) Broader focus than a particular issue or set of policy issues Intergovernmental Lobbies States, cities & governments organize collectively through a variety of interest groups such as these Example: National League of Cities (interests of local government) How Interest Groups Achieve Their Goals 1. Lobbying - How interest groups go about influencing government officials. Provide information to public officials with the hope that the info will convince the official to vote/act in a manner favorable to the group's interest. Seek access to members of Congress. Have knowledge/expertise. Communicate w/ public officials through written memos, policy papers, e-mail, or notes. Other sets by this creatorPOLS 1101: Chapter 16: American Foreign Policy41 terms joolianaa SOCI 1101: Chapter 146 terms joolianaa SOCI 1101: Chapter 1327 terms joolianaa SOCI 1101: Chapter 1116 terms joolianaa Verified questions
economics A cut in income taxes is an example of A. an expansionary fiscal policy. B. a contractionary fiscal policy. C. an expansionary monetary policy. D. a contractionary monetary policy. E. none of the above. Verified answer
algebra *Determine without graphing whether the system of equations has exactly one solution, no solution, or an infinite number of solutions.* \ $$ 2 x-4 y=8 $$ $$ -2 x+y=6 $$ Verified answer
finance Complete the following descriptions by writing in the blanks. **1.** Accrual of interest on bonds held as long-term investments requires a credit to ________ ________ . **2.** The controlling investor (more than 50% ownership) is called the , and the investee company is called the ________ . **3.** Trading securities are classified as ________ assets. **4.** Equity securities giving an investor significant influence are accounted for using the ________ ________ . **5.** Available-for-sale debt securities are reported on the balance sheet at ________ ________ . Verified answer
economics In your family, do you think tasks are divided among family members according to comparative advantage? If so, how? If not, how might the allocation of tasks be improved? Verified answer Recommended textbook solutionsGovernment in America: Elections and Updates Edition16th EditionGeorge C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry 269 solutions
American Government1st EditionGlen Krutz 412 solutions Criminal Justice in America9th EditionChristina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole 105 solutions American Corrections11th EditionMichael D. Reisig, Todd R. Clear 160 solutions Other Quizlet setsAP Chemistry Chapter 17 (Spontaneity, Entropy, and…80 terms Al_Dew Fundamentals of politics Midterm16 terms Mptpmp 0049 Famous Works and Authors64 terms jmbrow2 FSU EVR 1001 Exam 3127 terms madison_garces Why has the number of interest groups increased quizlet?Why has the number of interest groups increased so rapidly in recent decades? Developments in technology made interest group activities easier to coordinate.
Why are there so many kinds of interest groups quizlet?The American constitutional system contributes to the number of interest groups by multiplying the points at which such groups can gain access to the government. The weakness of political parties helps explain why there are so many strong interest groups.
What four factors explain the rise of interest groups?At least four factors help explain the rise of interest groups.. Broad economic developments. ... . Government policy. ... . Religious and moralistic movements. ... . The more activities government undertakes, the more interest groups form as a response to those activities.. What is the main reason interest groups form quizlet?Interest groups form to seek influence in government decisions and patrons provide the groups with resources they need to get started. Changes in political environment and new technologies make it possible for people to efficiently identify other like-minded individuals to mobilize for national political action.
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