Phylogenetic tree

Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data?

What evolutionary question is better addressed by the fig-shaped evolutionary tree in Figure 20.17, as opposed to the more typical, single-trunk phylogenetic tree in Figure 20.2?

What was the single organism from which all other forms of life on Earth arose?
Did animals evolve from fungi?
In which species of eukaryote did chloroplasts first appear?
Were chloroplasts and mitochondria transferred to eukaryotic cells through horizontal gene transfer?

32.

(credit: modification of work by Jing-Ke Weng/ResearchGate)

The phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between plants.

What is the closest relative of hornworts?

Liverworts.
Mosses.
Protracheophytes.
Charophytes.

33.

(credit: modification of work by Jing-Ke Weng/ResearchGate)

The phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between plants.

What is a trait shared with the common ancestor of charophytes (a group of algae) and liverworts (a group of non-vascular plants)?

The common ancestor has colonized the land.
The common ancestor could synthesize phenylpropanoids (a group of important organic molecules).
The common ancestor could synthesize lignin (the major component of bark).
The common ancestor could synthesize sporopollenin (the tough outer covering of plant spores).

34.

The tree above shows the phylogenetic relationships between four species. A scientist wishes to perform a genetic analysis on all four species in which she determines the number of genetic similarities between all four species. What would she most likely find regarding the genetic similarities between species A, B, D and E?

Species D and E would share more genetic similarities with each other than with species A and B, and vice versa.
Species A and E would share more genetic similarities with each other than with species B and D, and vice versa.
Species D and A would share more genetic similarities with each other than with species A and B, and vice versa.
Species D and B would share more genetic similarities with each other than with species A and E.

35.

What is the aim of scientists applying the maximum parsimony concept when creating phylogenetic trees?

The scientists spend more time creating the phylogenetic table.
Scientists find the shortest tree with the smallest number of changes.
A complex, detailed phylogenetic tree diagram is created.
The scientists spend more time researching the data for evolutionary connections.

36.

Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Appy your understanding of processes that shape similarities among organisms to state whether this feature is more likely a homologous or an analogous trait. Support your answer with relevant reasoning.

Analogous-Dolphins are mammals and fish are not, thus their evolutionary paths are quite separate. They have similar body shapes because of their similar environments.
Analogous-Dolphins and fish are both vertebrates, thus they share an evolutionary history, causing them to have similar body shapes.
Homologous-Dolphins and fish are both vertebrates, thus they have a similar recent evolutionary history, causing them to have similar body shapes.
Homologous-Dolphins are mammals and fish are not, thus their evolutionary paths are quite separate. They have similar body shapes because of their similar environments.

37.

What effect has the advancement of DNA technology had on determining phylogeny?

Morphologic and molecular information often disagree.
Scientists are struggling with molecular systematics.
Information is not reliable because organisms appear to be closely related when they are not.
Computer programs help determine relatedness using DNA sequencing, and morphologic and molecular information is more effective in determining phylogeny.

38.

(credit: modification of work by Chih-chun Janet Lin/ResearchGate)

The phylogenetic tree compares the DNA of some bacteria with the DNA found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Based on this information, make a hypothesis about how early eukaryote cells obtained chloroplasts and mitochondria.<,/p>

Early eukaryotes cells evolved mitochondria and got chloroplasts through endosymbiosis.
Early eukaryotes cells evolved chloroplasts and got mitochondria through endosymbiosis.
Early eukaryotes cells obtained mitochondria and chloroplasts from two separate endoysmbiosis events.
Early eukaryotes cells obtained mitochondria and chloroplasts from a single endosymbiosis event.

39.

The emu in Australia and ostrich in Africa are flightless birds that look similar. One proposed hypothesis was the birds descend from an early common ancestor that spread when the continents were connected. DNA analysis shows that emus and ostriches share more genetic homology with flying birds which live in the same region than with each other. What is the best explanation for these findings?

This is an example of an early shared ancestor.
This is an example of convergent evolution.
This is an example of random DNA homology.
This is an example of divergent evolution.

40.

(credit: modification of work by Chih-chun Janet Lin/ResearchGate)

The phylogenetic tree compares the DNA of some bacteria with the DNA found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

What is a conclusion we can reach from this information?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are closly related to each other.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a common ancestor, which was a gram negative bacteria.
Chloroplasts are closely related to chlamdyia.
Mitochondria are closely related to multiple gram positive bacteria.

41.

(credit: modification of work by Toshiharu Shikanai/ResearchGate)

The phylogenetic tree compares the DNA found in plant chloroplasts with the DNA of cyanobacteria. The synechocystis at the bottom two rows are the cyanobacteria. The rest of the tree is various plant chloroplasts.

What is a conclusion you can reach based on this data?

Plants and bacteria evolved analogous, but genetically different photosynthesis mechanisms at the same time.
Plants and bacteria evolved the same photoysnthesis mechanisms at the same time.
Plants got their photosynthesis mechanism through endosymbiosis of bacteria. This happened very early in plant evolution.
Plants got their photosynthesis mechanism through endosymbiosis of bacteria. This happened late in plant evolution.

42.

A population of rodents settles on the shore of an island close to the Arctic Circle. The landscape consists mainly of rocks. If the individuals are too large, they cannot hide in crevices to escape hawks. On the other hand, small bodies do not maintain internal temperature in cold weather. Show diagrammatically the change in the population and explain what selective pressures took place.

directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
diversifying selection

43.

Five new species of bacteria were discovered in Antarctic ice core samples. The nucleotide (base sequences of rRNA subunits were determined for the new species. The table below shows the number of nucleotide differences between the species.