CHAPTER 17BANDURA: SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORYI. Overview of Bandura's Social Cognitive TheoryBandura's social cognitive theory takes an agenticperspective, meaning that humans have some limitedability to control their lives.In contrast to Skinner,Bandura (1) recognizes that chance encounters andfortuitous events often shape one's behavior; (2)places more emphasis on observational learning; (3)stresses the importance of cognitive factors in learning;(4) suggests that human activity is a function ofbehavior and person variables, as well as theenvironment; and (5) believes that reinforcement ismediated by cognition.II. Biography of Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura was born in Canada in 1925, but he hasspent his entire professional life in the United States.He completed a PhD in clinical psychology at theUniversity of Iowa in 1951 and since then has workedalmost entirely at Stanford University, where hecontinues to be an active researcher and speaker.III. LearningBandura takes a broad view of learning, believing thatpeople learn through observing others and byattending to the consequences of their own actions.Although he believes that reinforcement aids learning,he contends that people can learn in the absence ofreinforcement and even of a response.A. Observational LearningThe heart of observational learning ismodeling,which is more than simple imitation, because itinvolves adding and subtracting from observedbehavior. At least three principles influencemodeling: (1) people are most likely to model high-status people, (2) people who lack skill or status aremost likely to model, and (3) people tend to modelbehavior that they see as being rewarding to themodel.Bandura recognized four processes thatgovern observational learning: (1) attention, ornoticing what a model does; (2) representation, orsymbolically representing new response patterns inmemory; (3) behavior production, or producing thebehavior that one observes; and (4) motivation; thatis, the observer must be motivated to perform theobserved behavior.B. Enactive LearningAll behavior is followed by some consequence, butwhether that consequence reinforces the behaviordepends on the person's cognitive evaluation of thesituation.V. Triadic Reciprocal CausationSocial cognitive theory holds that human functioning ismolded by the reciprocal interaction of (1) behavior; (2)personal factors, including cognition; and (3)environmental events—a model Bandura calls triadicreciprocal causation.A. Differential ContributionsBandura does not suggest that the three factors inthe triadic reciprocal causation model make equalcontributions to behavior.The relative influence ofbehavior, environment, and person depends onwhich factor is strongest at any particular moment. Show
Which theory believes that people learn based on the consequences of their behavior?Social learning theory proposes that individuals learn by observing the behaviors of others (models). They then evaluate the effect of those behaviors by observing the positive and negative consequences that follow.
What is Bandura's theory called?Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn. Bandura's theory goes beyond the perception of learning being the result of direct experience with the environment.
When a person believes that he can successfully perform behaviors that will produce desired effects he has high levels of?Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.
Which of these is most likely to increase selfMastery experiences - Students' successful experiences boost self-efficacy, while failures erode it. This is the most robust source of self-efficacy. Vicarious experience - Observing a peer succeed at a task can strengthen beliefs in one's own abilities.
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