Three Approaches to studying intercultural communication
Three Approaches to studying intercultural communicationS.M.Jamal ([email protected])Commun i ca t i o nThe Social Science ApproachDiscipline on which approach is founded
Research goalAssumption of RealityAssumption of human behaviourMethod of studyRelationship of Culture and CommunicationContribution of the approachPsychology
Describe and predict behaviourExternal and describable
PredictableSurvey, observationCommunication influenced by cultureIdentifies cultural variations; recognizes cultural differences in many aspects of communication, but often does not consider contextThe Social Science ApproachPsychologists help us understand notions of stereotyping and the ways in which prejudice functions in our lives and in intercultural interaction.Gordon Allports work The Nature of Prejudice(1979), describes how prejudice can develop from normal human cognitive activities such as categorization and generalization.Richard Brislin (1999) and Dan Landis, reveal how variables like nationality, ethnicity, personality, and gender influence our communication.The Social Science Approach9/11 Attacks on US
To understand the aftermath of the 9/11 tragedy, social science researchers might try to measure attitudes towards Muslims and Middle Easterners by tracking the increasing rate of hate crimes against those perceived to be Middle Eastern.Based on these attitude changes, social scientists might then try to predict future hate crimes and ethnic conflicts, and suggest ways to work to avoid conflict based on these attitudes.The Social Science Approach9/11 Attacks on USSocial Scientists might investigate perceived reasons for the terrorist attacks and then frame appropriate responses to them. i.e., they might measure differences in perception among various cultural groups to try to understand how different cultures perceive the reasons for the attacks and what they view as appropriate and inappropriate responses by the United States.In this type of study, social scientists would be using culture as a variable to measure these differences while focusing on the perceptions that are widely held in a particular culture.
The Social Science ApproachTrends in Communication Media Use and Primary Motives in Using CommunicationSocial scientists might study what kinds of communication media people used after the attacks and how they used them.This type of study attempts to quantify the trends in communication media use and the primary motives in using communication.The Social Science ApproachIndividualist or Collectivist CultureSocial scientist like, William Gudykunst, a leading communication researcher, was interested in whether people from different cultures varied in their strategies for reducing uncertainty on first encounter. He found that strategies varied depending on whether people were from individualistic or collectivistic cultures.Many people in United States, which has an individualistic orientation, ask direct questions when interacting with acquaintances.In cultures with a more collectivistic orientation, such as Japan or China, people are more likely to use an indirect approach.The Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science ApproachThe Social Science Approach
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