What are the characteristics of a high uncertainty avoidance index?

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Uncertainty avoidance is a cultural index derived by Dutch sociologist Geert Hofstede. It measures a nation's preference for strict laws and regulations over ambiguity and risk. According the Hofstede's research. Greece is the most risk-averse culture, and Singapore the least.

Protestant and Chinese culture countries rank relatively low; Catholic, Buddhist, and Arabic countries tend to score high in uncertainty avoidance. Ironically, high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to have a less efficient infrastructure than low uncertainty avoidance cultures.

Some characteristics of a low uncertainty avoidance culture:

  • Typically the country is newer or more recently settled (but not always, as in the case of China).
  • The population tends to be ethnically diverse.
  • Risk is valued in business (i.e. U.S.A.)
  • Frequent innovations.
  • Citizens are proud of nation.
  • Lower maximum speed limits and a lower rate of motor vehicle accidents.
  • Foreigners or minorities are encouraged to assimilate.
  • Examples: U.S.A., Singapore, Jamaica, Ireland, Sweden, China

Some characteristics of a culture high in uncertainty avoidance:

  • Generally older countries/cultures with a long history.
  • The population is more ethnically homogeneous.
  • Risk is avoided in business (i.e. Germany)
  • Low tolerance for innovation, prefer to stick to traditional routines.
  • Citizens are often critical of their own nation.
  • People tend to be more superstitious.
  • Smoking is more common.
  • Higher maximum speed limits and a higher rate of motor vehicle accidents.
  • Xenophobia is common and foreigners/minorities tend to be ostracized.
  • Examples: Greece, Portugal, Japan, Israel, Spain, Latin America

Given the characteristics known to be associated with uncertainty avoiding societies, this dimension could also be conceptualized more broadly as "cultural paranoia" versus "cultural trust."

See also

  • Power distance
  • Masculinity vs femininity
  • Collectivist and Individualist cultures

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What is Uncertainty Avoidance?

Uncertainty avoidance is a cross-cultural phenomenon that describes how different cultures or societies react to and tolerate uncertainties. More specifically, it refers to how communities cope with unpredictability and uncertainty that are evident in the major aspects of governance. 

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Uncertainty Avoidance in Society

Uncertainty avoidance reflects the degree at which a society or members of a society, tolerate, cope with or combats unpredictability otherwise known as the unknown. It describes individuals reaction to ambiguity. 

 Using the Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), countries fall into different ranks depending on their tolerance for uncertainty. 

They develop and implement laws driven towards sustainable development and prevention of uncertainty. 

Some countries have strong or high UAI, these are countries with conventional behaviors and standards approaches. 

Countries with weak UAI on the other hand embrace unconventional practices and are comfortable with uncertainty. 

Individuals or countries with high uncertainty avoidance come up with effective measures and ideas to combat or reduce the occurrence of the unknown and make changes and step by step by planning to mitigate uncertainty. 

Many countries are in the high Uncertainty Avoidance index (UAI), these countries include Mexico, Germany, Finland, Russia, Belgium, Italy, Korea, Greece, Portugal and Guatemala. Greece, Guatemala, and Portugal are however the highest uncertainty avoidance countries. 

Although, quite a number of countries fall in the category of low uncertainty avoidance countries, Jamaica, Denmark, and Singapore are regarded as the lowest uncertainty avoidance countries. 

Uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man’s search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; ‘there can only be one Truth and we have it’.

For example, in Germany there is a reasonable high uncertainty avoidance (65) compared to countries as Singapore (8) and neighbouring country Denmark (23). Germans are not to keen on uncertainty, by planning everything carefully they try to avoid the uncertainty. In Germany there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step.

The United States scores a 46 compared to the 65 of the German culture. Uncertainty avoidance in the US is relatively low, which can clearly be viewed through the national cultures.

Power Distance Index | Individualism | Masculinity | Uncertainty Avoidance Index | Long-Term Orientation

Uncertainty Avoidance Index
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120
Country PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO

Greece 60 35 57 112
Portugal 63 27 31 104
Guatemala 95 6 37 101
Uruguay 61 36 38 100
Belgium 65 75 54 94
El Salvador 66 19 40 94
Poland 68 60 64 93
Japan 54 46 95 92 80
Peru 64 16 42 87
Argentina 49 46 56 86
Chile 63 23 28 86
Costa Rica 35 15 21 86
France 68 71 43 86
Panama 95 11 44 86
Spain 57 51 42 86
South Korea 60 18 39 85 75
Turkey 66 37 45 85
Hungary 46 55 88 82
Mexico 81 30 69 82
Israel 13 54 47 81
Colombia 67 13 64 80
Brazil 69 38 49 76 65
Venezuela 81 12 73 76
Italy 50 76 70 75
Czech Republic 57 58 57 74
Austria 11 55 79 70
Pakistan 55 14 50 70
Taiwan 58 17 45 69 87
Egypt 80 38 52 68
Iraq 80 38 52 68
Kuwait 80 38 52 68
Lebanon 80 38 52 68
Libya 80 38 52 68
Saudi Arabia 80 38 52 68
United Arab Emirates 80 38 52 68
Ecuador 78 8 63 67
Germany 35 67 66 65 31
Thailand 64 20 34 64 56
Finland 33 63 26 59
Iran 58 41 43 59
Switzerland 34 68 70 58
Ghana 77 20 46 54 16
Nigeria 77 20 46 54 16
Sierra Leone 77 20 46 54 16
Netherlands 38 80 14 53 44
Ethiopia 64 27 41 52 25
Kenya 64 27 41 52 25
Tanzania 64 27 41 52 25
Zambia 64 27 41 52 25
Australia 36 90 61 51 31
Norway 31 69 8 50 20
New Zealand 22 79 58 49 30
South Africa 49 65 63 49
Indonesia 78 14 46 48
United States 40 91 62 46 29
Philippines 94 32 64 44 19
China 80 20 66 40 118
India 77 48 56 40 61
Malaysia 104 26 50 36
Ireland 28 70 68 35
United Kingdom 35 89 66 35 25
Hong Kong 68 25 57 29 96
Sweden 31 71 5 29 33
Denmark 18 74 16 23
Jamaica 45 39 68 13
Singapore 74 20 48 8 48

What are the characteristics of a high uncertainty avoidance culture?

Cultures scoring high on the UAI or cultures with a high level of uncertainty avoidance are less comfortable with uncertainty and attempt through rules, regulations, laws, controls, and behavioral norms to reduce or manage uncertainty and ambiguity.

What is high uncertainty avoidance index?

4. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) This dimension describes how well people can cope with anxiety. In societies that score highly for Uncertainty Avoidance, people attempt to make life as predictable and controllable as possible.

Can you identify some characteristics of high IDV?

High IDV. In a culture with high IDV, members have loose ties with each other and operate as individuals, looking after themselves and their immediate family and friends, making their own decisions, and developing their own identity.

How do you explain uncertainty avoidance?

Uncertainty Avoidance in Society Uncertainty avoidance reflects the degree at which a society or members of a society, tolerate, cope with or combats unpredictability otherwise known as the unknown. It describes individuals reaction to ambiguity.