How did native populations in North America develop distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments?

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Native American Cultures in North America
How did native populations in North America develop distinct and increasingly complex societies?
How did Native American societies change over time?
In what ways did European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generate change within Native American societies?
What technologies and business practices helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas?

Period 1: 1491-1607

Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

Link to Comparison of PreColumbian Civilizations

Link to PreColumbian Civilizations of Central and South America

Link to Special Topic Page: Peopling of the Americas

Link to Dramatic Event page on Cahokia and Etzanoa

For more about the Columbian Exchange, AP US Key Concept 1.2

The Columbian Exchange, Crash Course video.

Mayan Culture and Society

Mayan numbers 0 to 19

Play a Mayan Math Numbers game to learn how Mayan people did mathematica calculations from the National Museum of the American Indian

This YouTube video is by a a US AP History teacher, who explains the differences between Northern vs Southern Native American Societies.It also serves as a good example of a history lesson.

Exploring the Early Americas is an interactive online exhibit from the Library of Congress.

Extent of Maya civilization (red) compared to other Mesoamerican cultures (black)

Peopling North America: Population Movements and Migration from the University of Calgary.

Pre-columbian societies includes both Meso-american cultures such as the Maya and the Native Americans or "Indians".

This link, from PBS, leads to a lesson plan on the Ancient Maya for grades 7-12.

Ruins across Meso-America show us that these civilizations were very complex and by no means barbaric. While the movies tend to portray the Mayans as inhuman for their practice of human sacrifice, they also had many advances in astronomy, the arts, and sciences. For example, the Maya developed their own calendar, invented a glyph writing system, and created amazing structures (1).

Go here for an interactive activity to explore different cities of the Mayan world: Mayan interactive Map

Pedestal Plate, Sitio Conte, Panama

Native American Cultures in North America

Native Americans first appeared in North America approximately 10,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia.

When people talk about the Native Americans they typically forget that there was no single nation or culture that defined the groups that lived across modern continental America.
While there were many similarities between cultures, such as the importance of nature, each group varied depending on their location.
When European colonists arrived, there were an estimated 15-20 million Native Americans speaking at least 1,000 different languages (2).

Map of North American tribes prior to European Settlers

Teaching Pre-Columbian and Colonial American History Online from University of Michigan

Links Cited:
1. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mayacode/map-nf.html
2. http://www.historycentral.com/Indians/Before.html

How did native populations in North America develop distinct and increasingly complex societies?

Key Concept 1.1 As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

How did Native American societies change over time?

Many Native Americans were enslaved and/or subjected to forced labor (the encomienda system). Traditional tribal economies changed as a result of increased trade with Europeans. Native Americans and Europeans began to intermarry in Spanish and French colonies, producing racially mixed populations and caste systems.

In what ways did European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generate change within Native American societies?

The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. Smallpox, malaria, and other diseases wiped out about ninety percent of the Native population.

What technologies and business practices helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas?

C) Improvements in MARITIME TECHNOLOGY and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.