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More from Hisham Al Kurdi, EAVA, DMC-D-4K, HCCA-P, HCAA-DFeaturedFree with a 30 day trial from Scribd See all Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd See all Obligation and Permission - 1. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION
- 2. OBLIGATION AND
PERMISSION Obligation and Permission Positive Form Negative Form Question Form Must Mustn’t Have/Has To Don’t Have To Do/Does + Pronoun + Have/Has To + Verb? Have/Has Got To Haven’t/Hasn’t Got To Have/Has + Pronoun + Got To + Verb Can Can’t Can + Pronoun + Verb? Be Allowed To Be Not Allowed To Verb To Be + Pronoun + Allowed To + Verb? Should Shouldn’t Should + Pronoun + Verb?
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3. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION Obligation and Permission Present Form Past Form Must/Have To/Have Got To Had To Don’t Have To Didn’t Have To Can/Can't Could/Couldn't Is-Are-Am Allowed To/Not Allowed To/Mustn't Were/Weren't Allowed To
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4. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use must, have to and have got to + infinitive verb to: I. Talk about something that is necessary or important. We must be at the airport by seven. He has to take medicine every day. I have got to find a telephone, it's urgent.
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5. NOTE • The meaning is very similar, but must often shows that the obligation comes from the person who is speaking (personal obligation/opinion). Have to and have got to shows that the obligation comes from another person, not the speaker (rules, law or agreement or etc.):
We must be very careful. In English schools, you have to wear a uniform. • Must is rarely used in questions: Must I/Do I have to sign here?.
- 6. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use don't have to and haven't got to + infinitive verb: I. Talk about something that is
not necessary. People don't have to vote if they don't want to. We haven't got to be there till ten.
- 7. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use can and be allowed to + infinitive verb to: I. Talk about something that is permitted to do, we use can also with ability in
present or future. You can park here after five o'clock. My brother's allowed to borrow my father's car. I can see you at 3 pm tomorrow, can you manage that?
- 8. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use mustn't, can't and not allowed to + infinitive verb to: I. Talk
about something that is not permitted to do (forbidden). The audience mustn't take photos during the performance. You can't smoke here. You are not allowed to park here.
- 9. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use should and ought to to: I. Say something is a good idea
or to give advice, we can use must for advice but it has to be for strong advice. You should try this ice cream, it's delicious. you should do more work if you need to get promoted. You shouldn't say that to her. You ought to be more careful. It's a great film, you must see it. You must go to Petra, if you are in Jordan.
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10. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use may to: I. Asking for permission, or to indicate a strong possibility in the present or in the future. May I use your pen? It may happen again.
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11. OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION • We use might to: I. Indicate a possibility in the present or in the future but its slightly weaker than may, or to indicate a possibility in the past followed by have done. It might happen again. He might have missed his train.
- 12. EXERCISE 1 • Complete the gaps. 1. You ----- to leave your keys at reception when you go out of the hotel. 2. I think people ----- spend more time with their families and less time at work. 3. Passengers ----- to walk around the plane when it is taking off. 4. Candidates
----- to take a dictionary into the exam. 5. You ----- buy alcohol in a pub unless you're over 18. 6. You look really tired. I think you ----- to take a day off. 7. Monday's a holiday so we ----- to go to school until Tuesday. 8. You ----- sign your name in this book when you enter or leave the building. 9. You ----- ride a bicycle on the motorway - it’s very dangerous.
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13. EXERCISE 1 SOLUTION 1. (have) 2. (should) 3. (aren’t allowed) 4. (are allowed) 5. (can’t) 6. (ought) 7. (don’t have) 8. (must) 9. (mustn’t)
OBLIGATION MUST We use must to express a personal obligation, to say that in our opinion something is essential or necessary. I must wake up early if I don't want to be late for work (I believe it is necessary to wake up early, but there is no rule) HAVE TO We use have to to express an
impersonal obligation. The subject is obliged to do something by an external power (the law, school rules...) In that school children have to wear a uniform (It's one of the rules of that school)
In the UK you have to drive on the left (It's not your decision, it's the law)
LACK OF OBLIGATION DON'T/DOESN'T HAVE TO
We use don't/doesn't have to to express that something is not necessary or obligatory. Tomorrow is Sunday, so I don't have
to wake up early (I can wake up early if I want, but it's not necessary)
PROHIBITION
MUSTN'T We use mustn't to express that something is prohibited or forbidden You mustn't use your mobile phone in the school (it's a rule) ADVICE SHOULD/SHOULDN'TWe use should or shouldn't to
suggest something, to express our opinion, our point of view. When we use should or shouldn't we are saying that we think something is a good or a bad idea. I think you should go to the doctor (I think it is a good idea, that's my opinion)
You shouldn't drink so much (I think it is not a good idea, that's my opinion)
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