Two principal models have been invoked to explain transcriptional stimulation of RNA polymerase II genes by enhancers/upstream promoter elements: in one, upstream regulatory sequences directly interact with proximal promoter elements via proteins bound to the DNA (“looping” model); in the other, RNA polymerase II (or a transcription factor) binds to distal sequences
and then scans along the DNA until it reaches the promoter (“scanning” or “entry site” model). So far, it has been reported that enhancers or upstream promoter elements transmit their effect on a gene only via covalently closed DNA, i.e., in a cis configuration. The looping model predicts, however, that the effect can be transmitted also in certain trans configurations. Here we demonstrate that an enhancer from SV40 or cytomegalovirus can stimulate transcription in vitro even
when noncovalently attached to the β-globin promoter via the proteins streptavidin or avidin. These findings are consistent with the looping model rather than the scanning model. In addition, stimulation of transcription in trans, as shown by our experiments, may be found in nature in phenomena such as transvection, where one chromosome affects gene expression in the paired homolog. To read this article in full you will need to make a payment Mutations in RNA polymerase II enhance or suppress mutations in GAL4.
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Article InfoPublication HistoryReceived in revised form: June 16, 1989 Received: December 20, 1988 IdentificationDOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90110-4 Copyright© 1989 Published by Elsevier Inc. ScienceDirectAccess this article on ScienceDirectRelated ArticlesWhat binds to the promoter transcription?Promoter sequences are typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site. RNA polymerase and the necessary transcription factors bind to the promoter sequence and initiate transcription.
What binds to DNA in transcription?To begin transcribing a gene, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a region called the promoter. Basically, the promoter tells the polymerase where to "sit down" on the DNA and begin transcribing.
What will bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of an operon?Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA. Transcription factors that are activators boost a gene's transcription.
What enzymes binds to the promoter?Mediator (coactivator) (a complex usually consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors directly to the RNA polymerase II (pol II) enzyme bound to the promoter.
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