Mặc dù chuỗi giá trị chỉ giới hạn trong các hoạt động nội bộ của một công ty, nhưng chuỗi cung ứng mở rộng ra ngoài ranh giới của một công ty và liên quan đến nhiều tổ chức, bao gồm nhà cung cấp, nhà sản xuất, nhà phân phối, nhà bán lẻ và khách hàng. Chuỗi cung ứng liên quan đến sự phối hợp và hợp tác giữa các thực thể này để đảm bảo dòng chảy thông suốt của hàng hóa, dịch vụ và thông tin trên toàn mạng. Luật xa gầnChuỗi giá trị lấy khách hàng làm trung tâm hơn, tập trung vào việc tạo ra giá trị và đáp ứng nhu cầu của khách hàng ở từng giai đoạn của quy trình. Nó nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của việc hiểu các yêu cầu của khách hàng và mang lại giá trị vượt trội cho khách hàng để đạt được lợi thế cạnh tranh. Mặt khác, chuỗi cung ứng tập trung vào hoạt động hơn, tập trung vào việc tối ưu hóa luồng hàng hóa, dịch vụ và thông tin trên toàn mạng để đảm bảo hiệu quả và tiết kiệm chi phí.  So sánh giữa chuỗi giá trị và chuỗi cung ứng Hiểu được sự khác biệt giữa chuỗi giá trị và chuỗi cung ứng là điều cần thiết để thực hiện các chiến lược phù hợp để kinh doanh thành công. Trong khi chuỗi giá trị nhấn mạnh đến việc tạo ra giá trị thông qua các hoạt động bên trong và bên ngoài, thì chuỗi cung ứng bao trùm mạng lưới rộng lớn hơn của các tổ chức tham gia sản xuất và phân phối hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ. Bằng cách tận dụng các khía cạnh độc đáo của cả hai khái niệm, các công ty có thể tối ưu hóa hoạt động, nâng cao khả năng cạnh tranh và tối đa hóa lợi nhuận. The concepts of supply chain and value chain play a crucial role in business operations, with each one offering a different perspective on the product development process. Understanding these concepts provides insights into how businesses function and compete in the marketplace. Value Chain A value chain refers to the entire range of activities that businesses go through to deliver a product or service to the market. This concept was introduced by Michael Porter in 1985. Value chain activities are categorized into two: primary activities and support activities. Primary activities 1. Inbound logistics: Receiving, storing, and distributing raw materials. 2. Operations: Transforming raw materials into finished goods. 3. Outbound logistics: Warehousing and distribution of finished products. 4. Marketing and sales: Promoting, selling, and distributing the product. 5. Service: After-sales services, including customer support and warranty. Support activities, on the other hand, provide the necessary assistance for primary activities and include infrastructure management, technology development, human resource management, and procurement. In the case of the iPhone, for example, design and development of innovative features and the iOS operating system would be a part of the value chain, offering Apple a competitive advantage. Other elements of the value chain include sourcing of high-quality components, assembly of the devices, advertising and marketing efforts, distribution to retailers, and after-sales customer service. Supply Chain A supply chain, on the other hand, represents the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a commodity. It essentially covers all activities involved in producing a product or service, from the procurement of raw materials to delivery of the final product to the end user. The supply chain includes activities such as product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, and customer service. The primary goal of supply chain management is to minimize operational costs while ensuring timely delivery of products to consumers. Again, using the iPhone as an example, its supply chain includes sourcing of components from various suppliers around the world, manufacturing of the iPhone in facilities (mainly in China), and the distribution of the iPhone to Apple Stores and other retailers across the globe. Each of these steps involves the coordination of information, products, materials, and funds. Key Differences While both concepts are related and crucial for business operations, they offer different perspectives: 1. Focus: The value chain focuses on adding value at each stage of the product development process to achieve a competitive advantage, whereas the supply chain focuses on the efficient production and distribution of products. 2. Stakeholders: The main stakeholders in value chains are typically shareholders and investors, as value chain activities aim to increase profitability and shareholder value. In contrast, the supply chain involves various stakeholders including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers, as it involves coordinating all stages of product development and delivery. Let's break down the value chain for the iPhone, Apple's flagship product, as well as discuss how it fits within the global value chain. iPhone's Value Chain Inbound Logistics: Apple sources raw materials and components from various suppliers worldwide, such as processors from TSMC, memory chips from Samsung, camera modules from Sony, and displays from LG Display. The ability to source the highest quality components from the best global suppliers is a key part of Apple's value chain. Operations: Apple then leverages its contract manufacturers, mainly Foxconn, to assemble the iPhones in factories primarily located in China. Apple's ability to manage its production while maintaining high standards in quality control is an essential part of its value proposition. Outbound Logistics: Once the iPhones are assembled, they are shipped worldwide to Apple Stores, third-party retailers, and directly to consumers through online channels. Apple's efficient logistics and distribution network ensures that products reach consumers in a timely manner, enhancing customer satisfaction. Marketing and Sales: Apple is renowned for its powerful marketing and branding strategies. From its product launches to its innovative and sleek advertisements, Apple has managed to create a strong brand identity. Its sales channels, both online and offline, offer a seamless purchasing experience. Service: Apple provides customer services through its Apple Stores, online support, and call centers. It also offers extended warranty programs like AppleCare. These services enhance the user experience and contribute to customer loyalty, which is a vital part of Apple's value chain. iPhone's Global Value Chain Apple's value chain spans across many countries, forming a global value chain due to the multinational nature of its operations. Design and Development: This starts in the USA, at Apple's headquarters in Cupertino, where the iPhones are designed and their software (iOS) is developed. This includes research & development, design, and software programming. Component Sourcing: Apple sources components from various global suppliers. For example, it may get its processors from Taiwan's TSMC, its memory chips from South Korea's Samsung, and various other parts from Europe and other parts of Asia. Manufacturing and Assembly: Most of the assembly is done in China by contract manufacturers like Foxconn and Pegatron. However, some manufacturing and assembly have also been done in Brazil and India, among other countries. Sales and After-Sales Services: iPhones are sold globally through various platforms. Apple Stores are present in many countries, and Apple also has a significant online presence. After-sales services are also provided globally through Apple Stores, authorized service centers, and online platforms. This global value chain allows Apple to leverage the strengths of various regions (like high-quality manufacturing in China, advanced components from South Korea and Taiwan, and skilled design and software development in the USA) to deliver a product that is truly global in its creation. It also highlights how interconnected the global economy has become, with products like the iPhone being the result of global collaboration and coordination. The value chain and supply chain are interconnected concepts that offer different, yet complementary, perspectives on business operations. Understanding both can provide businesses with a comprehensive view of their operations and identify areas for efficiency improvement and value creation. iPhone's Supply Chain Apple owes its success to innovation in personal technology and efficient supply-chain management. The tech giant relies on over 200 suppliers for components and releases an annual list of its top 200 suppliers who account for 98% of its procurement. Prominent suppliers are located in Taiwan, including Hon Hai Precision Industry (Foxconn), Wistron, and Pegatron. Foxconn, one of Apple’s largest suppliers, services Apple from multiple locations worldwide, including China, India, Brazil, Vietnam, and the United States. China is an important region for Apple with Chinese and Hong Kong-based suppliers growing to account for a larger share than America and Japan. Goertek and Luxshare are two Chinese companies that manufacture AirPods for Apple. Despite an international supply chain, Apple depends on many U.S. companies, including 3M, Broadcom, Qualcomm, Intel, Jabil, On, Micron, and Texas Instruments. Qualcomm provides various components used in power management systems and mobile signaling, while Intel, with its smartphone modem business acquired by Apple in 2019, has 10 supplier locations across various countries. Other suppliers are located in countries like Japan, with Murata Manufacturing Ltd., and South Korea, with Samsung, which supplies multiple components and utilizes its supplier status to reduce its component manufacturing costs. https://www.thestreet.com/apple/news/apples-latest-supply-chain-moves-are-good-for-aapl-stock Apple’s efficient management of supplier relationships, demanding high-quality products and stricter terms, benefits its design-focused strategy. While suppliers gain from being associated with Apple’s brand and its reputation for innovation, failing to meet Apple's standards can lead to replacement with competitors. The interdependent relationship between Apple and its suppliers provides insights into the company's performance and potential investment opportunities. |
