Which country will have the largest population in 2050

The long view: how will the global economic order change by 2050?

#world2050

• 130%

  Cumulative global GDP growth between 2016 and 2050

• 20%

  China’s projected share of world GDP at PPPs by 2050

• 2nd

  India’s global GDP ranking at PPPs by 2050 (behind China but ahead of the US)

• 9%

  EU27’s share of global GDP at PPPs by 2050 (excluding UK)

Key findings

This report sets out our latest long-term global growth projections to 2050 for 32 of the largest economies in the world, accounting for around 85% of world GDP.

Key results of our analysis (as summarised also in the accompanying video) include:

• The world economy could more than double in size by 2050, far outstripping population growth, due to continued technology-driven productivity improvements
• Emerging markets (E7) could grow around twice as fast as advanced economies (G7) on average
• As a result, six of the seven largest economies in the world are projected to be emerging economies in 2050 led by China (1st), India (2nd) and Indonesia (4th)
• The US could be down to third place in the global GDP rankings while the EU27’s share of world GDP could fall below 10% by 2050
• UK could be down to 10th place by 2050, France out of the top 10 and Italy out of the top 20 as they are overtaken by faster growing emerging economies like Mexico, Turkey and Vietnam respectively
• But emerging economies need to enhance their institutions and their infrastructure significantly if they are to realise their long-term growth potential.

Explore the World in 2050

View the infographics below for highlights of our GDP projections and explore the results further using our interactive data tool.

Further details are provided in our summary report, full report and slide pack.

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   Key projections

Challenges for policymakers

Our analysis also identifies a number of key challenges for policy-makers, including:

• Avoid a slide back into protectionism, which history suggests would be bad for global growth in the long run
• Ensuring that the potential benefits of globalisation are shared more equally across society
• Developing new green technologies to ensure that long-term global growth is environmentally sustainable

Please download our full report for more in-depth analysis of these policy issues.

Opportunities for business – winning in emerging markets

Our report, which can be downloaded in full below, also considers the opportunities for business:

• As emerging markets mature, they will become less attractive as low cost manufacturing bases but more attractive as consumer and business-to-business (B2B) markets
• But international companies need strategies that are flexible enough to adapt to local customer preferences and rapidly evolving local market dynamics
• Since emerging markets can be volatile, international investors also need to be patient enough to ride out the short-term economic and political cycles in these countries

Please also take a look at the research of our Growth Markets Centre for detailed examples of how companies can succeed in emerging markets.

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World population growth 1700–2100

Population projections are attempts to show how the human population statistics might change in the future.[1] These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being.[2] Models of population growth take trends in human development, and apply projections into the future.[3] These models use trend-based-assumptions about how populations will respond to economic, social and technological forces to understand how they will affect fertility and mortality, and thus population growth.[3]

The 2019 projections from the United Nations Population Division show that annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968, has since dropped to 1.1%, and could drop even further to 0.1% by 2100, which would be a growth rate not seen since pre-industrial revolution days.[4] Based on this, the UN Population Division projects the world population, which is 7.8 billion as of 2020, to level out around 2100 at 10.9 billion (the median line),[5][6] assuming a continuing decrease in the global average fertility rate from 2.5 births per woman during the 2015–2020 period to 1.9 in 2095–2100, according to the medium-variant projection.[7] A 2014 projection has the population continuing to grow into the next century.[8]

However, estimates outside of the United Nations have put forward alternative models based on additional downward pressure on fertility (such as successful implementation of education and family planning goals in the Sustainable Development Goals) which could result in peak population during the 2060-2070 period rather than later.[3][9]

According to the UN, about two-thirds of the predicted growth in population between 2020 and 2050 will take place in Africa.[10] It is projected that 50% of births in the 5-year period 2095-2100 will be in Africa.[11] Other organizations project lower levels of population growth in Africa based particularly on improvement in women's education and successfully implementing family planning.[12]

By 2100, the UN projects the population in Sub-Saharan Africa will reach 3.8 billion, IHME projects 3.1 billion, and IIASA is the lowest at 2.6 billion. In contrast to the UN projections, the models of fertility developed by IHME and IIASA incorporate women's educational attainment, and in the case of IHME, also assume successful implementation of family planning.[13]

World population prospects, 2022

Because of population momentum the global population will continue to grow, although at a steadily slower rate, for the remainder of this century, but the main driver of long-term future population growth will be the evolution of the global average fertility rate.[7]

Table of UN projections[edit]

The United Nation's Population Division publishes high & low estimates (by gender) & density.

History of population projections[edit]

Walter Greiling projected in the 1950s that world population would reach a peak of about nine billion, in the 21st century, and then stop growing after a readjustment of the Third World and a sanitation of the tropics.[15]

Estimates published in the 2000s tended to predict that the population of Earth would stop increasing around 2070.[16] In a 2004 long-term prospective report, the United Nations Population Division projected the world population would peak at 7.85 billion in 2075. After reaching this maximum, it would decline slightly and then resume a slow increase, reaching a level of 5.11 billion by 2300, about the same as the projected 2050 figure.[17]

This prediction was revised in the 2010s, to the effect that no maximum will likely be reached in the 21st century.[18] The main reason for the revision was that the ongoing rapid population growth in Africa had been underestimated. A 2014 paper by demographers from several universities and the United Nations Population Division forecast that the world's population would reach about 10.9 billion in 2100 and continue growing thereafter.[8] In 2017 the UN predicted a decline of global population growth rate from +1.0% in 2020 to +0.5% in 2050 and to +0.1% in 2100.[19]

Jørgen Randers, one of the authors of the seminal 1972 long-term simulations in The Limits to Growth, offered an alternative scenario in a 2012 book, arguing that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" predicts a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.[20]

Drivers of population change[edit]

The population of a country or area grows or declines through the interaction of three demographic drivers: fertility, mortality, and migration.[2]

Fertility[edit]

Fertility is expressed as the total fertility rate (TFR), a measure of the number of children on average that a woman will bear in her lifetime. With longevity trending towards uniform and stable values worldwide, the main driver of future population growth will be the evolution of the fertility rate.[7]

Where fertility is high, demographers generally assume that fertility will decline and eventually stabilize at about two children per woman.[2]

During the period 2015–2020, the average world fertility rate was 2.5 children per woman,[7] about half the level in 1950-1955 (5 children per woman). In the medium variant, global fertility is projected to decline further to 2.2 in 2045-2050 and to 1.9 in 2095–2100.[7]

Mortality[edit]

If the mortality rate is relatively high and the resulting life expectancy is therefore relatively low, changes in mortality can have a material impact on population growth. Where the mortality rate is low and life expectancy has therefore risen, a change in mortality will have much less of an effect.[2]

Because child mortality has declined substantially over the last several decades,[2] global life expectancy at birth, which is estimated to have risen from 47 years in 1950–1955 to 67 years in 2000–2005,[21] is expected to keep rising to reach 77 years in 2045–2050.[22] In the more Developed regions, the projected increase is from 79 years today[21] to 83 years by mid-century.[22] Among the Least Developed countries, where life expectancy today is just under 65 years,[21] it is expected to be 71 years in 2045–2050.[22]

The population of 31 countries or areas, including Ukraine, Romania, Japan and most of the successor states of the Soviet Union, is expected to be lower in 2050 than in 2005.

Migration[edit]

Migration can have a significant effect on population change. Global South-South migration accounts for 38% of total migration, and Global South-North for 34%.[23] For example, the United Nations reports that during the period 2010–2020, fourteen countries will have seen a net inflow of more than one million migrants, while ten countries will have seen a net outflow of similar proportions. The largest migratory outflows have been in response to demand for workers in other countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and the Philippines) or to insecurity in the home country (Myanmar, Syria and Venezuela). Belarus, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, Serbia and Ukraine have experienced a net inflow of migrants over the decade, helping to offset population losses caused by a negative natural increase (births minus deaths).[24]

World population[edit]

Estimates of population levels in different continents between 1950 and 2050, according to the United Nations (2011 edition). The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people.

UN estimates (as of 2017) for world population by continent in 2000 and in 2050 (pie chart size to scale).[19]
     Asia      Africa      Europe      Latin America      Northern America      Oceania

World population estimates from 1800 to 2100, based on "high", "medium" and "low" United Nations projections in 2010 (colored red, orange and green) and US Census Bureau historical estimates (in black). Actual recorded population figures (as of 2010) are colored in blue. According to the highest estimate, the world population may rise to 16 billions by 2100; according to the lowest estimate, it may decline to 7.2 billions.

2050[edit]

The median scenario of the UN 2019 World Population Prospects[25] predicts the following populations per region in 2050 (compared to population in 2000), in billions:

After 2050[edit]

Projections of population reaching more than one generation into the future are highly speculative: Thus, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs report of 2004 projected the world population to peak at 9.22 billion in 2075 and then stabilise at a value close to 9 billion;[26] By contrast, a 2014 projection by the United Nations Population Division predicted a population close to 11 billion by 2100 without any declining trend in the foreseeable future.[8]

United Nations projections[edit]

The UN Population Division report of 2019 projects world population to continue growing, although at a steadily decreasing rate, and to reach 10.9 billion in 2100 with a growth rate at that time of close to zero.[25]

This projected growth of population, like all others, depends on assumptions about vital rates. For example, the UN Population Division assumes that Total fertility rate (TFR) will continue to decline, at varying paces depending on circumstances in individual regions, to a below-replacement level of 1.9 by 2100. Between now (2020) and 2100, regions with TFR currently below this rate, e.g. Europe, will see TFR rise.  Regions with TFR above this rate, will see TFR continue to decline.[7]  

Total Fertility Rate for six regions and the world, 1950-2100

Other projections[edit]

• A 2020 study published by The Lancet from researchers funded by the Global Burden of Disease Study promotes a lower growth scenario, projecting that world population will peak in 2064 at 9.7 billion and then decline to 8.8 billion in 2100. This projection assumes further advancement of women's rights globally. In this case TFR is assumed to decline more rapidly than the UN's projection, to reach 1.7 in 2100.[27]
• An analysis from the Wittgenstein Center IIASA predicts global population to peak in 2070 at 9.4 billion and then decline to 9.0 billion in 2100.[28]
• The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the Insurance Institute of South Africa (IIASA) project lower fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in 2100 than the UN. By 2100, the UN projects the population in SSA will reach 3.8 billion, IHME projects 3.1 billion, and IIASA projects 2.6 billion. IHME and IIASA incorporate women's educational attainment in their models of fertility, and in the case of IHME, also consider met need for family planning.[12]

Other assumptions can produce other results.  Some of the authors of the 2004 UN report assumed that life expectancy would rise slowly and continuously. The projections in the report assume this with no upper limit, though at a slowing pace depending on circumstances in individual countries. By 2100, the report assumed life expectancy to be from 66 to 97 years, and by 2300 from 87 to 106 years, depending on the country. Based on that assumption, they expect that rising life expectancy will produce small but continuing population growth by the end of the projections, ranging from 0.03 to 0.07 percent annually. The hypothetical feasibility (and wide availability) of life extension by technological means would further contribute to long term (beyond 2100) population growth.[29][30][31]

Evolutionary biology also suggests the demographic transition may reverse itself and global population may continue to grow in the long term.[32] In addition, recent evidence suggests birth rates may be rising in the 21st century in the developed world.[33]

Growth regions[edit]

The table below shows that from 2020 to 2050, the bulk of the world's population growth is predicted to take place in Africa: of the additional 1.9 billion people projected between 2020 and 2050, 1.2 billion will be added in Africa, 0.7 billion in Asia and zero in the rest of the world. Africa's share of global population is projected to grow from 17% in 2020 to 26% in 2050 and 39% by 2100, while the share of Asia will fall from 59% in 2020 to 55% in 2050 and 43% in 2100.[25][10] The strong growth of the African population will happen regardless of the rate of decrease of fertility, because of the exceptional proportion of young people already living today. For example, the UN projects that the population of Nigeria will surpass that of the United States by about 2050.[6]

Thus the population of the More Developed regions is slated to remain mostly unchanged, at 1.3 billion for the remainder of the 21st century. All population growth comes from the Less Developed regions.[25][34]

The table below breaks out the UN's future population growth predictions by region[10]

The UN projects that between 2020 and 2100 there will be declines in population growth in all six regions; that by 2100 three of them will be undergoing population decline, and the world will have reached zero population growth.

Most populous nations by 2050 and 2100[edit]

The UN Population Division has calculated the future population of the world's countries, based on current demographic trends. Current (2020) world population is 7.8 billion. The 2019 report projects world population in 2050 to be 9.7 billion people, and possibly as high as 11 billion by the next century, with the following estimates for the top 14 countries in 2020, 2050, and 2100:[25]

From 2017 to 2050, the nine highlighted countries are expected to account for half of the world's projected population increase: India, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, the United States, Uganda, and Indonesia, listed according to the expected size of their contribution to that projected population growth.[24]

Population projections of the largest metropolitan areas[edit]

Large urban areas are hubs of economic development and innovation, with larger cities underpinning regional economies and local and global sustainability initiatives. Currently, 757 million humans live in the 101 largest cities;[35] these cities are home to 11% of the world's population.[35] By the end of the century, the world population is projected to grow, with estimates ranging from 6.9 billion to 13.1 billion;[35] the percentage of people living in the 101 largest cities is estimated to be 15% to 23%.[35]

The following 101 metropolitan areas with the largest population projections for the years 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100 are listed below.[35]

Rank	City	Pop. 2025	City	Pop. 2050	City	Pop. 2075	City	Pop. 2100
1	Tokyo	36.40	Mumbai	42.40	Kinshasa	58.42	Lagos	88.30
2	Mumbai	26.39	Delhi	36.16	Mumbai	57.86	Kinshasa	83.53
3	Delhi	22.50	Dhaka	35.19	Lagos	57.20	Dar es Salaam	73.68
4	Dhaka	22.02	Kinshasa	35.00	Delhi	49.34	Mumbai	67.24
5	São Paulo	21.43	Kolkata	33.04	Dhaka	46.22	Delhi	57.33
6	Mexico City	21.01	Lagos	32.63	Kolkata	45.09	Khartoum	56.59
7	New York City	20.63	Tokyo	32.62	Karachi	43.37	Niamey	56.15
8	Kolkata	20.56	Karachi	31.70	Dar es Salaam	37.49	Dhaka	54.25
9	Shanghai	19.41	New York City	24.77	Cairo	33.00	Kolkata	52.40
10	Karachi	19.10	Mexico City	24.33	Manila	32.75	Kabul	50.30
11	Kinshasa	16.76	Cairo	24.03	Kabul	32.67	Karachi	49.06
12	Lagos	15.80	Manila	23.55	Khartoum	30.68	Nairobi	46.66
13	Cairo	15.56	São Paulo	22.82	Tokyo	28.92	Lilongwe	41.38
14	Manila	14.81	Shanghai	21.32	Nairobi	28.42	Blantyre	40.91
15	Beijing	14.55	Lahore	17.45	New York City	27.92	Cairo	40.54
16	Buenos Aires	13.77	Kabul	17.09	Baghdad	24.39	Kampala	40.14
17	Los Angeles	13.67	Los Angeles	16.42	Mexico City	24.18	Manila	39.96
18	Rio de Janeiro	13.41	Chennai	16.28	Lahore	23.88	Lusaka	37.74
19	Jakarta	12.36	Khartoum	16.00	Addis Ababa	23.81	Mogadishu	36.37
20	Istanbul	12.10	Dar es Salaam	15.97	Chennai	22.21	Addis Ababa	35.82
21	Guangzhou	11.84	Beijing	15.97	Bengaluru	21.31	Baghdad	34.10
22	Osaka-Kobe	11.37	Jakarta	15.92	São Paulo	21.28	New York City	30.19
23	Moscow	10.53	Bengaluru	15.62	Shanghai	21.05	N'Djamena	28.81
24	Lahore	11.37	Buenos Aires	15.55	Niamey	20.37	Kano	28.28
25	Shenzhen	10.20	Baghdad	15.09	Kampala	20.23	Sana'a	27.21
26	Chennai	10.13	Hyderabad	14.61	Hyderabad	19.94	Lahore	27.05
27	Paris	10.04	Luanda	14.30	Luanda	19.65	Chennai	25.81
28	Chicago	9.93	Rio de Janeiro	14.29	Los Angeles	18.51	Tokyo	25.63
29	Tehran	9.81	Nairobi	14.25	Kano	17.69	Bengaluru	24.77
30	Seoul	9.74	Istanbul	14.18	Jakarta	17.55	Ibadan	23.68
31	Bengaluru	9.72	Addis Ababa	13.21	Ahmedabad	16.93	Luanda	23.55
32	Lima	9.60	Guangzhou	13.00	Sana'a	16.69	Hyderabad	23.17
33	Bogotá	9.60	Ahmedabad	12.43	Rio de Janeiro	16.56	Bamako	22.95
34	Wuhan	9.34	Chittagong	12.21	Buenos Aires	16.40	Mexico City	22.22
35	Tianjin	9.24	Chicago	11.93	Chittagong	16.04	Dakar	21.18
36	Hyderabad	9.09	Ho Chi Minh City	11.86	Mogadishu	15.94	Maputo	21.07
37	London	8.62	Lima	11.57	Beijing	15.78	Shanghai	20.79
38	Bangkok	8.33	Bogotá	11.56	Abidjan	15.52	Ouagadougou	20.63
39	Hong Kong	8.31	Shenzhen	11.20	Lilongwe	15.32	Antananarivo	20.53
40	Chongqing	8.28	Paris	11.12	Blantyre	15.06	Los Angeles	20.01
41	Luanda	8.24	Bangkok	11.08	Pune	14.91	Rio de Janeiro	19.84
42	Ho Chi Minh City	8.15	Tehran	11.00	Ibadan	14.81	Ahmedabad	19.71
43	Baghdad	8.06	Pune	10.92	Istanbul	14.68	Abidjan	19.70
44	Khartoum	7.94	Abidjan	10.71	Dakar	14.56	São Paulo	19.12
45	Ahmedabad	7.74	Kano	10.44	Lusaka	14.52	Chittagong	18.82
46	Chittagong	7.64	Wuhan	10.26	N'djamena	14.48	Abuja	18.58
47	Kabul	7.18	Moscow	10.24	Ho Chi Minh City	14.22	Kigali	18.30
48	Santiago*	7.03	Osaka-Kobe	10.19	Bamako	13.54	Jakarta	18.22
49	Pune	6.80	Tianjin	10.15	Chicago	13.44	Pune	17.32
50	Hanoi	6.75	Sana'a	10.05	Guangzhou	12.84	Conakry	17.32
51	Belo Horizonte	6.75	Hanoi	9.83	Bangkok	12.55	Buenos Aires	16.99
52	Santiago	6.31	London	9.75	Surat	12.51	Beijing	15.58
53	Riyadh	6.28	Seoul	9.47	Lima	12.44	Ho Chi Minh City	15.53
54	Miami	6.27	Hong Kong	9.47	Antananarivo	12.40	Istanbul	14.79
55	Dongguan	6.16	Kampala	9.43	Alexandria	11.99	Alexandria	14.72
56	Shenyang	6.16	Surat	9.17	Bogota	11.89	Lubumbashi	14.66
57	Addis Ababa	6.16	Chongqing	9.09	Hanoi	11.79	Chicago	14.54
58	Philadelphia	6.13	Ibadan	8.75	Abuja	11.75	Surat	14.53
59	Abidjan	6.03	Alexandria	8.73	Ouagadougou	11.70	Mbuji-Mayi	14.20
60	Toronto	5.95	Dakar	8.52	Paris	11.64	Mombasa	14.01
61	Madrid	5.94	Yangon	8.44	Shenzhen	11.06	Phnom Penh	13.88
62	Nairobi	5.87	Riyadh	8.09	Maputo	10.92	Kaduna	13.20
63	Yangon	5.87	Bamako	7.63	Conakry	10.63	Hanoi	12.87
64	Surat	5.70	Miami	7.53	Hong Kong	10.41	Lima	12.81
65	Dar es Salaam	5.69	Santiago	7.49	Tehran	10.36	Guangzhou	12.68
66	Alexandria	5.65	Kanpur	7.39	Yangon	10.26	Bangkok	12.14
67	Ankara	5.50	Philadelphia	7.36	Wuhan	10.13	Paris	11.86
68	Dallas–Fort Worth	5.42	Antananarivo	7.26	Kanpur	10.09	Kanpur	11.73
69	Tlaquepaque	5.37	Belo Horizonte	7.19	London	10.09	Al Hudaydah	11.51
70	Tonalá	5.37	Faisalabad	7.11	Tianjin	10.03	Hong Kong	11.46
71	Zapopan	5.37	Toronto	7.04	Kigali	9.79	Casablanca	11.42
72	Chengdu	5.32	Abuja	6.94	Faisalabad	9.73	Monrovia	11.21
73	Xi'an	5.23	Jaipur	6.91	Lubumbashi	9.57	Bogotá	11.20
74	Barcelona	5.18	Ouagadougou	6.90	Moscow	9.51	Benin City	11.14
75	Atlanta	5.15	Niamey	6.79	Jaipur	9.43	Giza	11.00
76	Guiyang	5.11	Santiago	6.77	Mbuji-Mayi	9.27	Faisalabad	11.00
77	Singapore	5.10	Dongguan	6.76	Osaka-Kobe	9.03	Accra	10.99
78	Kano	5.06	Shenyang	6.76	Riyadh	9.00	Jaipur	10.95
79	Houston	5.05	Mogadishu	6.57	Chongqing	8.98	Shenzhen	10.92
80	Guadalajara	4.97	Giza	6.52	Giza	8.96	Taiz	10.82
81	Guadalajara	4.97	Madrid	6.52	Phnom Penh	8.85	Lomé	10.21
82	Guadalupe	4.95	Dallas-Fort Worth	6.51	Lucknow	8.65	Lucknow	10.05
83	Washington, D.C.	4.89	Lucknow	6.34	Mombasa	8.53	Wuhan	10.00
84	Sydney	4.83	Tlaquepaque	6.22	Miami	8.49	Tianjin	9.90
85	Nanjing	4.77	Tonalá	6.22	Philadelphia	8.30	Douala	9.68
86	Harbin	4.70	Zapopan	6.22	Kaduna	8.26	London	9.56
87	Porto Alegre	4.63	Atlanta	6.19	Accra	7.98	Riyadh	9.40
88	Detroit	4.61	Lubumbashi	6.15	Nagpur	7.86	Port Harcourt	9.40
89	Kanpur	4.60	Conakry	6.14	Toronto	7.81	Miami	9.18
90	Brasilia	4.58	Houston	6.06	Seoul	7.67	Nagpur	9.13
91	Algiers	4.50	Boston	6.04	Aleppo	7.37	Philadelphia	8.98
92	St. Petersburg	4.48	Mbuji-Mayi	5.95	Dallas–Fort Worth	7.34	Mosul	8.87
93	Monterrey	4.41	Accra	5.94	Lomé	7.25	Chongqing	8.87
94	Sana'a	4.38	Aleppo	5.90	Monrovia	7.08	Moscow	8.42
95	Recife	4.35	Washington, D.C.	5.87	Douala	7.07	Aleppo	8.37
96	Changchun	4.34	Chengdu	5.84	Al-Hudaydah	7.06	Toronto	8.33
97	Jaipur	4.30	Sydney	5.82	Patna	7.03	Patna	8.17
98	Faisalabad	4.28	Guadalajara	5.76	Santiago	6.98	Tehran	8.17
99	Melbourne	4.24	Nagpur	5.76	Atlanta	6.97	Osaka-Kobe	8.00
100	Ibadan	4.23	Xi'an	5.75	Rawalpindi	6.97	Dallas-Fort Worth	7.93
101	Dakar	4.23	Guadalupe	5.73	Benin City	6.96	Rawalpindi	7.88

See also[edit]

• Population projection
• Population growth
• Estimates of historical world population
• Human overpopulation
• Pledge two or fewer (campaign for smaller families)
• List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate
• List of countries by number of births

References[edit]

1. ^ "Population Projections". United States Census Bureau.
2. ^ a b c d e Kaneda, Toshiko (June 2014). "Understanding Population Projections: Assumptions Behind the Numbers" (PDF). Population Reference Bureau.
3. ^ a b c Roser, Max (2013-05-09). "Future Population Growth". Our World in Data.
4. ^ Roser, Max (June 18, 2019). "Two centuries of rapid global population growth will come to an end". Our World in Data.
5. ^ "World Population Prospects 2019". United Nations, Dept of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.
6. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2019, Population Data, File: Total Population Both Sexes, Medium Variant tab". United Nations Population Division. 2019.
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