Which of the following are Kelloggs stages of childrens artistic drawing?

Art enjoys a highly significant space in early childhood learning programmes for the way it promotes a variety of learnings. Both as a process and product, art helps improve creativity, cognition, social skills and emotional expression in children. If you are involved in the planning or implementation of art-based play and learning in young children, here is a bit more on the different stages of child art development.

Scribbling

Between one and three years, children scribble in the manner of any other motor activity. There is little connection between the crayon in the child’s hand and the marks made on the paper. On the whole, children’s scribbles are made of lines that are vertical, horizontal, diagonal, circular, curving, waving and dots. 

Pre-schematic

Between three and four years, children are beginning to make connections between the shapes that they draw and the physical world around them. For example, when depicting a parent, a circle may represent the head and lines the body and limbs. However these linear drawings still float all over the page in odd positions – a table may be drawn round as if seen from above while people seated at the table may be extended out in all directions around it. The pre-schematic – from schema which means outline in Latin – stage marks the first time children use their drawings as a form of communication.

Schematic

From five to six years, children’s drawings can be identified as definite shapes of specific, recognisable forms from their environment for example a man or a house. They also show a clear separation between the sky and the ground, usually indicated by a strip of blue at the top of the paper and a strip of green at the bottom. Unlike the pre-schematic stage, now objects are often placed on the ground instead of floating in space. Objects of importance, like a parent, are often drawn larger than objects of lesser importance, like the house next to which she is standing.

Dawning Realism

Between seven and nine years old, children’s drawings start to show a rudimentary realism. Though they are still using schema to draw, it has increased in complexity and there may be some sense of spatial relationships in the objects depicted on paper – for example, a bird sitting on the tree branch which in turn is firmly positioned on the ground. The development of the baseline marks a developmental milestone as it indicates readiness for cooperative play and thinking, such as planning and executing group murals and puppet shows. Also, drawings are based on the memory of things rather than actual appearance, and may even incorporate sensory impressions about smelling, tasting, hearing and feeling.

The Pseudo-naturalistic

From approximately ten years, children’s drawings show the use of light and shade and there is an attempt at greater realism. Subtle shading of form replaces simple, flat areas of colour; tints and shades of colour are more preferred. Also drawings show more details like girls in skirts and boys in long pants. This stage continues till about thirteen years, during which children depict a greater sense of critical reflection.

The Naturalist or Decision stage

From fourteen years onwards, drawings are more frequently used to portray true-to-appearance colour and to express moods and feelings as well. This is also the time when children, driven by their critical sense, decide to continue drawing or view it as an activity for which they don’t have the skill. However since any skill can be nurtured with practice and motivation, it is important that educators encourage children to continue with their artistic explorations since this stage of artistic development is perhaps the most critical to the development of an artist.

In 1947, Dr. Viktor Lowenfeld published “Creative and Mental Growth”, which quickly became THE textbook for art educators. Lowenfeld argues that are six clearly defined stages of artistic development and that these stages can be witnessed in the artworks of children. According to Lowenfeld, the six stages of artistic development are:

Stage 1 – Scribble Stage (1 – 3 years old)

Children at this age are engaged in the physical activity of drawing. There is no connection made between the marks and representation during most of the scribble stage. However, towards the end of this stage children may begin to give marks names. This stage is mostly about the enjoyment of purely making marks.

Stage 2 – Preschematic Stage (3 – 4 years old)

Children at this stage of artistic development are beginning to see connections between the shapes that they draw and the physical world around them. Circles and lines may be described as people or objects that are physically present in the child’s life. It is in this stage that a child first makes the connection to communicating through their drawings.

Stage 3 – The Schematic Stage (5 – 6 years old)

Children at this stage have clearly assigned shapes to objects that they are attempting to communicate. They often have developed a schema for creating drawings. There is a defined order in the development of the drawing.

Drawings at this stage have a clear separation between the sky and the ground. Often the sky is a strip of blue at the top of the paper, while the ground is a strip of green at the bottom.

Objects are often placed on the ground instead of floating in space. Objects of importance are often drawn larger than objects of lesser importance.

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Stage 4 – The Dawning Realism (7 – 9 years old)

At this stage in artistic development, children are beginning to become more critical of their own work. It has become evident that a structured order to drawing objects is no longer sufficient. While a schema is still used to create drawings, it is more complex than the schema used in earlier stages. Overlapping can be seen and a sense of spatial relationships is more evident.

Stage 5 – The Pseudo-Naturalistic Stage (10 – 13 years old)

The use of value and light is now apparent in drawings. Children at this stage of artistic development are very critical of their own success. Success is determined by the level of realism achieved in the drawing. Frustration is a common occurrence. It is exceptionally important to encourage students at this stage.

Stage 6 – The Decision Stage (13 – 16 years old)

Children at this stage will decide to continue drawing or view it as an activity without merit. Because of the level of self criticism inherent at this stage, many children, (now young adults) view drawing as a skill that do they do not possess.

Others, however, decide to continue working on their drawing skills and continue to develop. I think that it is important to encourage students to continue drawing despite their level of skill. Any skill level can be attained with practice. This stage of artistic development is perhaps the most critical to the development of an artist.

UPDATE: I recently added a new video podcast on this subject. Here’s a link to the video – The Stages of Artistic Development

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