People with substance use disorders are at particular risk for developing one or more primary conditions or chronic diseases. The coexistence of both a mental illness and a substance use disorder, known as a co-occurring disorder, is common among people in medication-assisted treatment (MAT). Show
People with mental illness are more likely to experience a substance use disorder than those not affected by a mental illness. According to SAMHSA’s 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 9.2 million adults in the United States have a co-occurring disorder. It is important to note that combining medications used in MAT with anxiety treatment medications can have serious adverse effects. Common benzodiazepines include Xanax, Valium, Klonopin among others. Co-Occurring Disorders in MATCo-occurring disorders may include any combination of two or more substance use disorders and mental disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). No specific combinations of mental and substance use disorders are defined uniquely as co-occurring disorders. Some of the most common mental disorders seen in MAT include:
Learn more about the most common mental disorders in the United States. Patients being treated for mental disorders also often misuse the following types of substances:
Learn more about the most common substance use disorders in the United States. Learn about individualized assessment and treatment for co-occurring disorders. HIV, AIDS, and Viral Hepatitis in MATHIV, AIDS, and viral hepatitis are important public health concerns for both patients and health professionals in substance use disorder treatment programs. MAT typically involves HIV and hepatitis antibody testing at admission, or a referral for antibody testing. HIV and hepatitis prevention and reduced transmission are key goals of OTPs and other programs designed to treat substance use disorders. In addition, HIV testing and risk-reduction counseling, have been shown to stop or decrease drug use and related risk behaviors, including risky injection practices and unsafe sex. HIV, AIDS in MATDrug use is an important driver of the HIV epidemic. According to the CDC’s Injection Drug Use and HIV Risk, about 1 in 10 new HIV diagnoses in the United States are attributed to injection drug use (2,389 cases) or male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use (1,252 cases). In 2017, CDC reports 9.3 percent of all new HIV infections occur among injection drug users. HIV is transmitted by contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. This can occur during unprotected sex or through the sharing of needles. In addition, untreated infected women can pass HIV to their infants during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding. Alcohol and drug misuse can also worsen the symptoms of HIV, causing greater neuronal injury and cognitive impairment. Learn more about HIV. Hepatitis in MATThere are three major strains of hepatitis virus infection: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. People at high risk for infection can be protected by vaccination against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Currently, there is no vaccination against hepatitis C. Hepatitis A, a self-limiting foodborne pathogen, can induce severe liver disease in drug users already infected with another hepatitis virus. Hepatitis B virus can be spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or by the re-use of contaminated needles. Injection drug use is the major source of hepatitis C infection in the United States. Injection drug use in a risk factor for contracting and spreading hepatitis C. Learn more about hepatitis. Resources and PublicationsThe following publications and resources highlight the link between substance misuse and comorbid HIV and AIDS: A mental health condition, people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) have two or more separate personalities. These identities control a person’s behavior at different times. DID can cause gaps in memory and other problems. Various types of psychotherapy can help people manage the symptoms of DID.
OverviewWhat is dissociative identity disorder (DID)?Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a mental health condition. People with DID have two or more separate identities. These personalities control their behavior at different times. Each identity has its own personal history, traits, likes and dislikes. DID can lead to gaps in memory and hallucinations (believing something is real when it isn’t). Dissociative identity disorder used to be called multiple personality disorder or split personality disorder. DID is one of several dissociative disorders. These disorders affect a person’s ability to connect with reality. Other dissociative disorders include:
How common is DID?DID is very rare. The disorder affects between 0.01 and 1% of the population. It can occur at any age. Women are more likely than men to have DID. Symptoms and CausesWhat causes dissociative identity disorder (DID)?DID is usually the result of sexual or physical abuse during childhood. Sometimes it develops in response to a natural disaster or other traumatic events like combat. The disorder is a way for someone to distance or detach themselves from trauma. What are the signs and symptoms of DID?A person with DID has two or more distinct identities. The “core” identity is the person’s usual personality. “Alters” are the person’s alternate personalities. Some people with DID have up to 100 alters. Alters tend to be very different from one another. The identities might have different genders, ethnicities, interests and ways of interacting with their environments. Other common signs and symptoms of DID can include:
Diagnosis and TestsIs there a test for DID?There isn’t a single test that can diagnose DID. A healthcare provider will review your symptoms and your personal health history. They may perform tests to rule out underlying physical causes for your symptoms, such as head injuries or brain tumors. Symptoms of DID often show up in childhood, between the ages of 5 and 10. But parents, teachers or healthcare providers may miss the signs. DID might be confused with other behavioral or learning problems common in children, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For this reason, DID usually isn’t diagnosed until adulthood. Management and TreatmentWhat is the treatment for dissociative identity disorder (DID)?Some medications may help with certain symptoms of DID, such as depression or anxiety. But the most effective treatment is psychotherapy. A healthcare provider with specialized training in mental health disorders, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, can guide you toward the right treatment. You may benefit from individual, group or family therapy. Therapy focuses on:
Can hypnosis help with DID?Some healthcare providers may recommend hypnotherapy in combination with psychotherapy. Hypnotherapy is a form of guided meditation. It may help people recover suppressed memories. PreventionCan dissociative identity disorder (DID) be prevented?There’s no way to prevent DID. But identifying the signs as early in life as possible and seeking treatment can help you manage symptoms. Parents, caregivers and teachers should watch for signs in young children. Treatment soon after episodes of abuse or trauma may prevent DID from progressing. Treatment can also help identify triggers that cause personality or identity changes. Common triggers include stress or substance abuse. Managing stress and avoiding drugs and alcohol may help reduce the frequency of different alters controlling your behavior. Outlook / PrognosisWill dissociative identity disorder (DID) go away?There is no cure for DID. Most people will manage the disorder for the rest of their lives. But a combination of treatments can help reduce symptoms. You can learn to have more control over your behavior. Over time, you can function better at work, at home or in your community. Living WithAre there ways to make living with DID easier?A strong support system can make living with DID more manageable. Make sure you have healthcare providers, family members and friends who know about and understand your condition. Communicate openly and honestly with the people in your support system, and don’t be afraid to ask for help. If a friend or family member has DID, how can I help?Having a loved one with DID can be confusing and overwhelming. You may not know how to respond to their different alters or behaviors. You can help by:
When should I call my doctor about DID?If you or someone you know has DID and exhibits any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention right away:
In the United States, you can call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline by dialing 988. This hotline connects you to a network of local crisis centers that provides free and confidential emotional support. The centers support people in suicidal crisis or emotional distress 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In an emergency, call 911. A note from Cleveland Clinic Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a mental health condition. Someone with DID has multiple, distinct personalities. The various identities control a person’s behavior at different times. The condition can cause memory loss, delusions or depression. DID is usually caused by past trauma. Therapy can help people manage their behaviors and reduce the frequency of identity “switches.” It’s important for anyone with DID to have a strong support system. Healthcare providers, family members and friends can help people manage DID. Share Email Print Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 05/25/2021. References
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Is the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person quizlet?The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person. The conditions are referred to as "comorbid."
Which disorder involves the coexistence of two or more personalities?Dissociative identity disorder
Previously called multiple personality disorder, this is the most severe kind of dissociative disorder. The condition typically involves the coexistence of two or more personality states within the same person.
What is an abnormal disorder?Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems. Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self‐defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).
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