Is a type of qualitative research that deals with the description of participants lived experiences of a specific event?

What is qualitative phenomenological research design?

Phenomenological research is a qualitative research approach that seeks to understand and describe the universal essence of a phenomenon. The approach investigates the everyday experiences of human beings while suspending the researchers’ preconceived assumptions about the phenomenon. In other words, phenomenological research studies lived experiences to gain deeper insights into how people understand those experiences. 

Researchers using phenomenological research design assume that people use a universal structure or essence to make sense of their experience. They interpret the participants’ feelings, perceptions, and beliefs to clarify the essence of the phenomenon under investigation. Phenomenological research design requires the researcher to bracket whatever a priori assumption they have about the experience or phenomenon.

In simpler terms, researchers use phenomenological research designs to understand a phenomenon’s universal nature by exploring the views of those who have experienced it. This approach is popularly used to study lived experience, gain a deeper understanding of how human beings think, and expand a researcher’s knowledge about a phenomenon. For example, a researcher could explore a phenomenon like antisocial behavior in the workplace, women’s experiences with a particular disease, and many more.

What are the characteristics of phenomenological research design?

Below are the four main characteristics of phenomenological research design.

• Phenomenological research design is descriptive. The researcher aims to describe as accurately as possible the structure of a phenomenon.

• Qualitative phenomenological research design aims to uncover what a particular experience means to a group of people and how they experienced it.

• This approach requires researchers to set aside their prejudices and a priori assumptions and focus mainly on the immediate experience.

• It requires the researcher to first describe the lived experiences objectively and then reflect on the description with reference to the existing theories about the phenomenon. 

What are the methods of collecting data for Phenomenological designs?

Researchers can use a variety of methods in phenomenological designs. Some of the most common methods are:

• Participant observation

• Interviews

• Conversations with  participants

• Analysis of personal text

• Action research

• Focus meetings

Regardless of the method you use for qualitative phenomenological research design, you must focus on the research issues and avoid influencing the participants. Additionally, you must show empathy and establish a good level of rapport to gain deep insight into the participants’ experiences.

What are the procedures involved in Phenomenological design?

There is no clear-cut way to carry out a phenomenological inquiry. However,  research involving phenomenological design often follow this pattern:

• Identification of the phenomenon

• Development of a detailed description of the phenomenon

• Bracketing personal prejudices and a priori assumptions

• Collection of data from the participants

• Data analysis – usually involves reading the data, demarcating the data, eliminating irrelevancies, grouping and naming data into constituents, and arranging the data into themes that accurately and fully describe the participants’ lived experiences. Learn how to analyse your data with our essential guide to coding. 

• Development of a composite description of the phenomenon

• Presentation the description

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Phenomenological research design example

Below is a phenomenological research design example to help you better understand this qualitative research method.

In Donna Marie Barrow’s paper on a phenomenological study of the lived experiences of parents of young children with autism receiving special education services, the researcher investigated the lived experiences of four mothers of children with autism receiving early intervention services using phenomenological research design. The study aimed to gain insight into the phenomenon of parenting and parents’ experiences with early intervention and early childhood special education. 

Barrow captured the lived experiences of all the participants by conducting interviews with each of the mothers. Before the interview, Barrow asked each of the participants to bring ten family photographs and explained the importance of the photographs and how they would be used during the meeting. 

Barrow asked questions to explore each parent’s experiences during the first interview and used the photos as a tool to help the family reflect on their experiences with their child. Additionally, the researcher used the first interview to build rapport with the participants and gain their trust. 

Barrow analyzed the notes from the first interview with each participant and used them to prepare for the second interview. During the second meeting, Barrow reviewed the notes from the first interview with the participants and engaged in deeper conversation to get a full picture of their lived experiences. 

The interviews with the parents produced over 300 pages of transcripts. Barrow analyzed this data and identified seven essential themes shared by the four mothers. At the end of the study, the researcher contextualized the complexity of family life and how it affects parenting, and the unique experience of parenting children with autism receiving early intervention services.

What are the uses of qualitative phenomenological research design?

Social scientists use phenomenological inquiry to:

• Research lived experiences of human beings and gain insights into their actions and motivations.

• Broaden their knowledge about a certain phenomenon.

• Create awareness about the phenomenon.

• Clarifying the relationships between lived experiences and the theories used to explain those experiences.

• Contribute to the development of new theories.

What are the limitations of phenomenological design?

Some of the downsides of phenomenological research are:

• Researcher-induced bias can affect the outcome of the study.

• It could be difficult to establish validity and reliability when using this research approach.

• Maintaining pure bracketing can be very challenging for the researcher

• Participants of the research may not be able to express their views articulately due to factors like language barrier, age, or cognition.

• Presenting the findings of phenomenological research can be difficult because the results are highly qualitative.

• Data gathering and analysis in phenomenological design may be daunting and time-consuming. However, you can save yourself the time and stress of dealing with the large amount of data involved in phenomenological research design by using Delve qualitative data analysis tool to organize, analyze, and gain more insights into your data and improve the validity of your research.

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References:

• Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods.

• Bliss, L (2016). Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the Meaning of People’s Experiences. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology. 
  Qutoshi, S. (2108). Phenomenology: A Philosophy and Method of Inquiry. Journal of Education and Educational Development.

Cite this blog:

• Delve. Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A.(2022c, March 17). What is Phenomenological Research Design? Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data. https://delvetool.com/blog/phenomenology